Indian geography notes
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Half of the country to the south of the Tropic of Cancer is situated in the Tropical or Torrid zone and the other half lying north of the Tropic of Cancer falls in the Subtropical zone.
● The country is separated from the rest of Asia by the Himalayas
● The tropical monsoons dominate its climate
● Himalayas blocks the cold temperate air masses Thus, It is primarily because of the Himalayas that India is a predominantly tropical country
UN Convention on laws of seas
● United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is also known as Law of the Sea treaty.
● It is considered as the "constitution of the oceans".
● The latest UNCLOS is UNCLOS III. It covers all the vital issues regarding the maritime boundaries.
o Decides deep sea mining, environment protection, maritime boundary, and dispute settlement
● United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is also known as Law of the Sea treaty.
● It is considered as the "constitution of the oceans".
● The latest UNCLOS is UNCLOS III. It covers all the vital issues regarding the maritime boundaries.
o Decides deep sea mining, environment protection, maritime boundary, and dispute settlement
UNCLOS sections the oceans
1. Territorial waters
o 12 Nautical Miles from the baseline.
o Countries are free to set laws and use its resources.
o Foreign vessels are not given all rights to passage through except “Innocent Passage”.
1. Passing through the waters which are not prejudicial to peace and security.
2. Nations have right to suspend the innocent passage.
o Submarine while passing through other country’s territorial waters has to navigate on the surface and show their flags.
2. Contiguous Zone
o Area 12 Nautical Miles beyond the Territorial waters (i.e. 24 Nautical Miles from the baseline limit). Country can enforce laws only in 4 areas viz. pollution, taxation, customs, and immigration.
3. Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs)
o Area from the edge of the territorial sea out to 200 nautical miles from the baseline.
o Country has sole exploitation rights over all natural resources.
o The most important reason to introduce EEZ was to halt the clashes over the fishing rights and oil rights.
o Foreign vessels have freedom of navigation and over flight, subject to the regulation of the coastal states.
o Foreign states are allowed to lay submarine pipes and cables.
o 12 Nautical Miles from the baseline.
o Countries are free to set laws and use its resources.
o Foreign vessels are not given all rights to passage through except “Innocent Passage”.
1. Passing through the waters which are not prejudicial to peace and security.
2. Nations have right to suspend the innocent passage.
o Submarine while passing through other country’s territorial waters has to navigate on the surface and show their flags.
2. Contiguous Zone
o Area 12 Nautical Miles beyond the Territorial waters (i.e. 24 Nautical Miles from the baseline limit). Country can enforce laws only in 4 areas viz. pollution, taxation, customs, and immigration.
3. Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs)
o Area from the edge of the territorial sea out to 200 nautical miles from the baseline.
o Country has sole exploitation rights over all natural resources.
o The most important reason to introduce EEZ was to halt the clashes over the fishing rights and oil rights.
o Foreign vessels have freedom of navigation and over flight, subject to the regulation of the coastal states.
o Foreign states are allowed to lay submarine pipes and cables.