Globalisation notes jkssb supervisor exam
👉Globalisation notes jkssb supervisor exam sociology by home academy click here to download
👉Click here to download kinship pdf
Globalisation -A process of the “reconfiguration of geography, so that social
space is no longer wholly mapped in terms of territorial places, territorial
distances and territorial borders.”
Globalisation:
A WORLD OF INTERCONNECTED ECONOMIES AND SOCIETIES
Globalisation is a process of increasing
interdependence, interconnectedness and integration of economies and societies
to such an extent that an event in one part of the globe affects people in
other parts of the world.
OR
Globalisation is a process of interaction and
integration among the people, organizations, and governments of different
nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by
information technology.
Globalisation
THROUGHOUT HISTORY: INDIA’S EARLY CONNECTIONS AND CONTEMPORARY IMPACTS
- India was not isolated from the
world even two thousand years ago. We know about the historical and famous
Silk route, which centuries ago connected India to the great
civilizations, which existed in China, Persia, Egypt and Rome.
- We also know that throughout
India’s long past, people from different parts came here, sometimes as
traders, sometimes as conquerors, sometimes as migrants in search of new
lands and settled down here.
- In remote Indian villages
often, people ‘recall’ a time when their ancestors lived elsewhere, from
where they came and settled down where they now live.
- Though this exchange process has
been going on for time immemorial, this process was termed as
‘Globalisation’ for the first time around the second half of the 20th
century.
- The adaptation of
export-oriented development strategies and trade liberalization was
widespread.
- The Globalisation of national
policies, policy-making techniques, implementation strategies of the
national government is the result of Globalisation itself.
- Globalisation has some
externalities associated with it and thus creates a set of Global ‘bads’ –
climatic change, global warming, depletion of the ozone layer, etc.
- Social and cultural aspects
- Technology and communication
- Corporate world
- International trade, relations
and economy
Driving
Forces Behind Globalisation: Catalysts Shaping a Global Village
- Technology – Has reduced the
speed of communication manifolds. The phenomenon of social media in the
recent world has made distance insignificant.
- LPG Reforms: The 1991 reforms
in India have led to greater economic liberalisation which has in turn
increased India’s interaction with the rest of the world.
- Faster Transportation:Improved
transport, making global travel easier. For example, there has been a
rapid growth in air-travel, enabling greater movement of people and goods
across the globe.
- Rise of WTO and multilateral
organisations:The formation of WTO in 1994 led to reduction in tariffs and
non-tariff barriers across the world. It also led to the increase in the
free trade agreements among various countries.
- Improved mobility of capital:
there has been a general reduction in capital barriers, making it easier
for capital to flow between different economies. This has increased the
ability for firms to receive finance. It has also increased the global
interconnectedness of global financial markets.
- Rise of MNCs: Multinational
corporations operating in different geographies have led to a diffusion of
best practices. MNCs source resources from around the globe and sell their
products in global markets leading to greater local interaction.
- Above factors have helped in
economic liberalization and Globalisation and have facilitated the world
in becoming a “global village”.
Globalisation:
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING
Information and
communications technology (ICT) |
|
Economic factors |
|
Political changes |
|
Globalisation:
BENEFITS IMPACTING INDIA
- Globalisation
helps to boost the long-run average growth rate of the economy of the
country through:
- Improvement
in the allocative efficiency of resources;
- Increase
in labor productivity
- Globalisation
attracts an entry of foreign capital along with foreign updated technology
which improves the quality of production.
- Globalisation
usually restructure production and trade pattern favoring labor-intensive
goods and labor-intensive techniques as well as the expansion of trade in
services
- Globalisation
enhances the efficiency of the banking insurance and financial sectors
with the opening up of those areas to foreign capital, foreign banks, and
insurance companies.
- Improved
Standard of Living and Better Purchasing Power
- In
a globalized scenario, domestic industries of the developing countries
become conscious about price reduction and quality improvement to their
products so as to face foreign competition.
Globalisation:
CHALLENGES
- Globalisation
4.0 (which is driven by technology and the movement of ideas, people, and
goods) could, like preceding waves of Globalisation, have mixed results
e.g. even though many countries are globally connected but the political
crisis and global level conflict have also increased.
- Globalisation
has alerted the village and small-scale industries and sounded death-knell
to it as they cannot withstand the competition arising from well-organized
MNCs
- Globalisation
is also posing a threat to agriculture in developing and underdeveloped
countries of the world. As with the WTO trading provisions, the
agricultural commodities market of poor and developing countries will be
flooded with farm goods from countries at a rate much lower than that of
indigenous farm products leading to a death-blow to many farmers.
- Although
globalisation promotes the idea that technological change and increase in
productivity would lead to more jobs and higher wages, during the last few
years, such technological changes occurring in some developing countries
have resulted in more loss of jobs than they have created leading to a
fall in employment growth rates.
- Globalisation
paves the way for a redistribution of economic power at the world level
leading to domination by economically powerful nations over the poor
nations.
- Globalisation
has also let loose the forces of “uncivil society” and accelerated the
transnational flows of terrorism, human and drug trafficking, organized
crime, piracy, and pandemic diseases (For instance, Covid-19). The growth
of these transnational networks threatens state institutions and civil
society in many countries.
- Human
trafficking is among the darkest sides of Globalisation, turning human
beings into commodities bought and sold in the international marketplace.
Women and children are among the most exposed to it.
Cultural
Dynamics: Navigating the Spectrum Between Homogenization and Glocalization in a
Globalized World
- A central contention is that all cultures will become
similar, that is homogeneous. Others argue that there is an increasing
tendency towards glocalization of culture.
- Ritzer (2004) has coined another word Globalisation
that refers to what he calls “growth imperatives(pushing) organizations
and nations to expand globally and to impose themselves on the local”.
- Glocalization It refers to the mixing of the global
with the local. It is not entirely spontaneous. Nor is it entirely
delinked from the commercial interests of Globalisation.
- It is a strategy often adopted by foreign firms while
dealing with local traditions in order to enhance their marketability.
- In India, we find that all the foreign television
channels like Star, MTV, Channel V and Cartoon Network use Indian
languages.
- Even McDonald’s sells only vegetarian and chicken
products in India and not its beef products, which are popular abroad.
McDonald’s goes vegetarian during the Navratri festival.
- In the field of music, one can see the growth of
popularity of ‘Bhangra pop’, ‘Indi pop’, fusion music and even remixes.
- Culture cannot be seen as an unchanging fixed entity
that can either collapse or remain the same when faced with social
change. What is more likely even today is that Globalisation will lead to
the creation of not just new local traditions but global ones too.
- Global
- Local
- Food
- Marriage
- Festivals
- Movies
- French, German and Spanish
Homogenization of
Culture
It is a process of increasing global
interdependence and interconnectedness that lead toward growing cultural
standardization and uniformization.
- Family structure: Joint
families have been adversely affected due to Globalisation. There has been
an increase in nuclear families. This can be clearly manifested in the
increasing number of old age homes that are present now.
- Food: due to opening up of food
joints like McDonalds, KFC across the country, there has been a
homogenization of food available across the country, but there has also
been heterogenization in food. Old restaurants are now replaced by Mc.
Donalds. Fast food and Chinese dishes have replaced juice corners and
Parathas.
- Borrowing of money has become
more acceptable now as compared to the past. Taking loans is very common
due to increasing access to financial institutions
- In place of old cinema halls,
multiplex theatres are coming up.
- Use of English has increased
manifold in urban areas, this has led to a homogenization in language
across the country, but the rural areas have been less affected by it.
- Value system – increasing
homogeneity of world values like rationalization, free market
competition, commodification and democratic or human rights and above all
a global culture.
Glocalization
of Culture
- Food:
India has its unique cuisine, but the cuisines of foreign countries have
become more easily available, they are modified to suit the taste buds of
Indians (like Paneer Tikka Burger in McDonalds). This has led to a wide
variety of food being available, leading to heterogenization
- French,
German and Spanish are taught to students right from school level along
with indigenous languages, this is an exemplification of hybridization of
culture.
- Movies:
popularity of foreign movies has increased, Hollywood, Chinese, French and
Korean movies are quite popular among the urban youth. Along with this,
dubbing of these foreign movies in local languages is testimony of
increased glocalization.
- Festivals:
celebrations of Valentines’ day, Friendship day are examples of change in
cultural values related to festivals. However, along with these new days,
traditional festivals are celebrated with equal enthusiasm.
- Marriage:
Importance of marriage is decreasing, there has been an increase in
divorce, increase in live-in relationships, and single parenting is
increasing. Marriage used to be considered as bonding of the souls; but
today marriage is becoming professional and contractual. However, despite
changes in forms of marriage, it has not declined as an institution.
Indian society is subdivided in communities which enjoy
‘enormous cultural autonomy’. This provides colossal cultural resilience to
communities in India to filter the effect of Globalisation through refectory
and prismatic adaptation. That is why India’s core values have never changed
despite giving shelter to divergent religions of the world and accommodating
them within its civilization.
CULTURAL
REVIVAL IN THE GLOBALIZED ERA: IMPACT ON YOGA, AYURVEDA, RELIGION, AND
HANDICRAFTS
- Revival
of Yoga in the country as well as at the international level. This can be
seen in the popularity of the ‘Art of Living’ course by Ravi Shankar, or
the celebration of International Yoga day across the world
- There
has been a revival of ayurvedic medicines in the country as well as
outside it.
- Due to
increasing uncertainty by inter-linkage with the outside world, there has
been religious revivalism. This can be manifested in the use of religion
to attract voters, or mobilizing people on the basis of religion.
- Increasing
demand for local handicraft products in the global market: such as
Chikenkari or bandhani.
- Due to
increasing global tourism, locals are making efforts to preserve their
diversity and revive their traditions.
We can see that the western culture is
influencing Indian culture, but it is not replacing it, rather there is a
mixture of both cultures.
Globalisation
IN INDIA: SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT
In the age of rapid technical progression,
many countries are unified and transformed due to the process of Globalisation.
Globalisation has a huge impact on the cultural, social, monetary, political,
and communal life of countries.
Impact
on Indian Economy
Globalisation in India is generally taken as
integrating the economy of the country with the rest of the world.
Pros:
- The growth rate of the GDP of India has been on the
increase from 5.6 percent during 1980- 90 to 4 percent shown by the union
budget 2016-17.
- There is an international market for companies and for
consumers, there is a wider range of products to choose from.
- Increase the inflow of investments from developed
countries to developing countries, which can be used for economic
reconstruction.
- The greater and faster flow of information between
countries and greater cultural interaction has helped to overcome cultural
barriers.
- Many new companies were formed by Indian entrepreneurs
across different industrial segments in view of liberalized economic
policies announced by the Government.
- A large number of job opportunities increased in India.
- It helped in faster developments in telecommunication,
roads, ports, airports, Insurance, and other major sectors.
- It Increased FDI and FII.
- Benefits for consumers are lower prices of goods and a
wide range of goods available to choose from.
Cons:
- Globalisation
has generated problems like jobs and social insecurity. The public sector
provides jobs along with social as well as job security and other benefits
also.
- The
agriculture sector is the backbone of the Indian economy. The above 50
percent of people are working in the agriculture sector. This sector has
been neglected by the government in the post-reform period and the share
of agriculture has decelerated continuously.
- Post
reform period has witnessed a drastic increase in child labor because due
to LPG policy the role of the public sector was reduced. Therefore, the
corporate is working for profit motive only.
- Process
of Capital intensive from labor-intensive adopted global technologies and
automatic machinery. But this has resulted in the high rate of
unemployment in India which is becoming the biggest challenge for the
Indian Economy and the Government today.
- We may
call Globalisation a double-edged weapon that helped Indian consumers to
enjoy all high-Quality global brands. On another hand, it helped the
Government of India to tide over its serious foreign exchange problem,
even though temporarily by getting a loan from the World Bank. But, it has
been at the cost of decontrol of the Indian Government over its economy
and at the cost of the local Industry.
Psychological
Impact on Indian Society
Stress and insecurity because of cut throat competition.
Emergence and spread of fundamentalism.
Self-selected culture:
Here, people choose to
form groups with like-minded persons who wish to have an identity that is
untainted by the global culture and its values. The values of the global
culture, which are based on individualism, free market economics, and democracy
and include freedom of choice, individual rights, openness to change, and
tolerance of differences are part of “western values.”
Spread of emerging adulthood:
The timing of
transitions to adult roles such as work, marriage and parenthood are occurring
at later stages in most parts of the world as the need for preparing for jobs
in an economy that is highly technological and information based is slowly
extending from the late teens to the mid-twenties.
Additionally, as the
traditional hierarchies of authority weaken and break down under the pressure
of Globalisation, the youth are forced to develop control over their own lives
including marriage and parenthood.
For young people in
developing countries, emerging adulthood exists only for the wealthier segment
of society, mainly in urban areas, whereas the rural poor have no emerging
adulthood and may even have no adolescence because they begin adult-like work
at an early age and begin relatively early.
Identity Confusion:
The individuals from
non-western cultures experience it as a response to Globalisation. While people
may adapt to changes and develop bicultural or hybrid, multicultural
identities, some may find it difficult to adapt to rapid changes.
Impact
on Agriculture
With a view to moving towards liberalizing the
agricultural sector and promoting free and fair trade, India, a member nation
of the world trade organization (WTO) signed the Uruguay Round Agreements on
1st January 1995.
The Agreement on Agriculture of the WTO was
the first multilateral agreement, meant to curb unfair practices in
agricultural trade and set off the process of reforms in the agricultural
sector.
Positives
of Globalisation on agriculture:
- Increase
National Income – Receiving the international market for the agricultural
goods of India, there is an increase in farmer’s agricultural product, new
technology, new seeds, etc. helped to grow the agricultural product.
- Introduced
new water-saving practices in India such as drip irrigation
- With
Globalisation, farmers were encouraged to shift from traditional crops to
export-oriented ‘cash crops’ such as cotton and tobacco but such crops
needed far more inputs in terms of fertilizers, pesticides, and water.
- Increase
in the export of agricultural goods – The prices of agricultural goods are
higher in the international market than in Indian markets. If the
developed countries reduce grants, they have to increase the prices. So,
there will be an increase in the export in the Indian market and if the
prices grow, there will be profit.
- Appropriate
use of agricultural equipment, suited to the crops and the region of
cultivation, lead to efficient utilization of farm inputs, making farming
financially viable and profitable.
- Research
collaboration with foreign countries and institutions has increased.
- Globalisation
has encouraged the concrete of corporate and contract farming which have
helped farmers.
- The
proliferation of food processing industries has improved farmers’
Negatives
of Globalisation on agriculture:
- Small production field – In
India 60% of the population depends on agriculture. The pressure on
agriculture is increasing because of the increasing population. The
possession of land is small and so the production cost is higher. There is
also the problem of standard etc. So, there are unfavorable impacts on
Indian agriculture.
- Cash crop demand increases
farmer focus on these crops. But the demand and price of these crops may
fluctuate. This has major implications when farmers deviate from food
crops. This has issues for countries’ food security.
- More importantly, Globalisation
has shifted the public discourse from agriculture to industry.
Globalisation has indirectly led to industrial growth. This needs land and
resultantly increases in the displacement of farmers.
- Intellectual property rights: –
Intellectual property rights cause unfavorable impacts on Indian
agriculture. Multinational companies can easily enter the field of
agriculture and it will be bad for the marginal farmers.
- A forum like WTO pressurizing to
tone down security net for the agriculture sector
- Input cost for agriculture is
also affected by global events. Tension in the Eurasian region can cause
fluctuation in the price of
- Prices in global markets are
able to impact local prices. the sugar industry
Impact
of Globalisation on the Informal sector
- Globalisation
has resulted in the casualization of labor. Global competition tends to
encourage formal firms to shift formal wage workers to informal employment
arrangements without minimum wages, assured work, or benefits.
- There
has been a shift in the composition of the labour force in favor of the
skilled laborers, in general, and more significantly in the unorganized As
a natural consequence, labor productivity indicated faster improvement
both in organized and unorganized sectors
- Globalisation
tends to benefit large companies which can move quickly and easily across
borders but possess disadvantage to labor, especially lower-skilled
workers that cannot migrate easily or at all.
- As
more and more men enter the informal economy, women tend to be pushed to
the lowest income end of the informal economy.
- But
Globalisation can also lead to new opportunities for those who work in the
informal economy in the form of new jobs for wageworkers or new markets
for the self-employed
Impact
of Globalisation on family
- Since
ancient times, the joint family system has been one of the chief
characteristics of the Indian social system in general and tribal social
structure in particular.
- Recently
the joint family pattern throughout India has been showing a declining
tendency.
- The
diversity in family forms has given way to the dominance of nuclear
families in globalized India.
- Globalisation
has led to large scale migration and urbanization since it becomes
difficult to maintain a joint family system because of the high cost of
living.
- Some
argue that in the era of economic restructuring the institution of the
family is emerging as a much stronger institution than ever before; others
argue that family is becoming progressively weak due to Globalisation and
individualism is growing up.
- Family
involvement in finding a groom/bride is reduced to nominal. Apart from
regular festivals, new occasions like ‘Valentine’s Day’, ‘Mother’s Day’,
‘Father’s Day’ is Weekend parties, kitty parties, visiting pubs and discos
almost became a very natural thing.
- The
pattern of change in family dining is also worth observing. Having dinner
while watching Television or chatting on the computer became a very common
thing in most households.
- The
proportion of dual-earning couples (DEC) is also substantially growing. It
has enormously altered the traditional and functional role of women,
family planning while distressing family dynamics and affecting children
and the elderly at home.
Impact
of Globalisation on Marriage
Pros:
- Due
to Globalisation, the concept of love marriages is increasing and elders
have started to accept and appreciate it in the same way.
- Inter
caste and inter-religious marriages have become more common
- Parents
are turning to the web to search for brides and grooms, they prefer NRI
for their westernized outlook, lifestyles, and higher disposable income.
Cons:
- The
importance of marriage is decreasing, there has been an increase in
divorce, an increase in live-in relationships, and single parenting is
increasing.
- Marriage
used to be considered as bonding of the souls, but today marriage is
becoming professional and contractual.
- Other
issues like serial monogamy, live-in relationships are viewed against the
culture of India.
- However,
despite the change in forms of marriage, it has not declined as an
institution.
Impact
of Globalisation on Food and Festival
- Due
to the opening up of food joints like McDonald’s, KFC across the country,
there has been a homogenization of food available across the country, but
there has also been heterogenization in food. Old restaurants are now
replaced by McDonalds.
- Fast
food and Chinese dishes have replaced juice corners and Parathas
- Celebrations
of Valentines’ day, Friendship day are examples of changes in cultural
values related to the festival. However, along with these new days,
traditional festivals are celebrated with equal enthusiasm.
Globalisation
and Education
Education holds the key to India’s growth and
socio-economic development. This has assumed greater importance over the last
decade with India positioning itself as a knowledge economy in a fast
globalizing world
Globalisation and Education: PROS
- Through
cultural immersion, students who participate in global education programs
are able to gain a greater depth of knowledge about and appreciation for
new cultures. This often includes acquiring advanced language skills
- It
aims at enhancing the overall core values in terms of research and
technological advancements.
- By
experiencing the differences and similarities between their host country
and their home country, the student will enhance their global perspectives
and obtain a greater awareness of global affairs, including political,
educational, societal, and economic issues.
- School
facilities have also come under the scanner as there is a demand for
quality in available infrastructure that can aid in preparing a different
class of people who are ready for a global world.
- With
the advent of Globalisation, the Indian higher education system has made
considerable progress in terms of capacity creation and enrolment
especially in the last decade yet it lags significantly in terms of
“global relevance and competitiveness”.
- Globalisation
promotes new tools and techniques such as E-learning, Flexible learning,
Distance Education Programs, and Overseas training.
- There
are enormous effects observed in the educational sector due to
Globalisation such as the literacy rate becoming high and Foreign
Universities collaborating with different Indian Universities.
Globalisation and
Education: CONS
- Globalisation
has put extra pressure on the education system to create ‘winners’ who are
ready to battle in the race for the survival of the fittest.
- It
has led to the preparation of a curriculum that has to be internationally
acceptable.
- In
the contemporary context, students are seen as customers as well as
partners in the process of learning.
- Commercial
institutions offering specialized education have come up everywhere. In
view of Globalisation, many corporate universities, both foreign and
Indian, are encroaching upon government institutions.
- The
growth of computers and other technologies enabled women with better
wages, flexible timings, and the capacity to negotiate their role and
status in-home and at the corporate level.
- Globalisation
could erode our traditional values and ethos.
- Education
has become beyond the reach of poor students because of Globalisation.
Since the educational level by these agencies has been elevated, the
monetary requirements to become admitted and study has also spiraled.
Globalisation
and Caste
System
The rise in Globalisation has brought changes
to the caste system both in positive as well as a negative way:
Pros:
- The
rigid caste system is gradually giving its way to relaxed norms in the
form of inter-caste marriages, intermingling, and socializing.
- Due
to Globalisation, there has been an expansion of economic opportunities,
education, and liberal thoughts, which has resulted in the weakening of
the caste system.
- The
traditional division of labor was breaking down due to industrialization;
this was given a boost by Globalisation.
- The
rise in professionalism, improvement in education, etc. have provided
employment opportunities and thus improving the conditions of the
vulnerable
Cons:
- However,
despite changes, the caste system has shown immense resilience and still
continues to exist as one of the significant features of Indian society.
- Due
to a lack of skills, Globalisation has forced vulnerable caste towards the
informal sector doing menial jobs.
- Despite
Globalisation, the practice of untouchability is still prevalent in India.
Globalisation
and Women in India
Globalisation affects different groups of
women in different places in different ways. On the one hand, it may create new
opportunities for women to be forerunners in economic and social progress; on
the other it may take away job opportunities by providing cheaper avenues in
the form of assembly-line production or outsourcing.
Pros:
- Globalisation
has indeed promoted ideas and norms of equality for women that have
brought about awareness and acted as a catalyst in their struggle for
equitable rights and opportunities.
- Different
non-profit organizations have been brought to India from around the globe.
These organizations have given women the skills they need to advance, such
as literacy and vocational skills.
- It
has led to an increase in the independence of women, especially in urban
areas. This has been manifested through inter-caste marriages, single
mothers, live-in relationships
- The
women in rural settings have been influenced by Globalisation through
media and through numerous intervention programs like non-profit
organizations, increasing the self-confidence of women and motivating them
to fight for their rights.
- Changes
in the attitude of women-more acceptance of western clothes, dating has
become common in urban areas, increased use of contraception in rural as
well as urban areas.
- Trade
openness and the diffusion of new information and communication
technologies have translated into more jobs and stronger connections to
markets for many women, increasing their access to economic opportunities.
- Greater
access to information has allowed many to learn about life and mores in
other parts, possibly affecting attitude and behaviors.
Cons:
- Though
employment opportunities for women are increasing, they are most crowded
in low paying jobs, and have less social security.
- Women
are suffering two-fold. As women in developing countries move into the
workforce, their domestic responsibilities are not alleviated. Women work
two full-time
- The
exploitation of women in the workplace has emerged as a new issue
- Globalisation
has occurred with the persistence of the patriarchal mindset of Indians,
this has led to problems for women like the commodification of women, the
use of social media to harass women, increase in violence against women.
- As
consumers, women are increasingly facing a consumer culture which reduces
them to commodities and as producers, women are exposed to work
exploitation and occupational hazards
- Additionally,
prostitution, abuse, and dowry related suicides are increasing.
- Gender
differences in education have limited Women’s access to new employment opportunities.
But because of lower education levels, female producers experience more
constraints in accessing international markets than males.
- Women’s
weaker property rights and limited access to productive inputs also
constrain their capacity to benefit from trade openness.
- Gender
norms for mobility and women’s role in the economic sphere can
disproportionately affect Women’s access to technology.
Globalisation and
Youth
The majority of India’s population is young
(India is witnessing demographic dividend). The population growth among youth
is one of the most critical factors in the way India responds to Globalisation.
Indian youth are fueling both positive and negative perceptions given to
Globalisation.
PROS:
- Present-day
youth, with its more materialistic ambitions and more globally informed
opinions, are gradually abandoning the austere ways and restricted
traditional Indian markets.
- Youth
demand a more cosmopolitan society that is a full-fledged member of the
global economy.
- Globalisation
has highlighted the importance of imparting education, training, and
requisite skills to young people for providing them a platform to become
successful participants in the labor
- The
increased skill set contributes in the form of increased investment
attraction from all around the world.
- It
has promoted a cross-fertilization of ideas, cultural values, and
aspirations; thus, it has helped to connect youth not only to the rest of
the world but also among each other.
- With
more awareness, youth are being more vocal towards their rights.
Consequently, the government is ensuring more participation of people in
policymaking.
Cons:
- The
traditional Indian dress is declining, especially among urban youth, in
favor of new fashions from the west.
- Youth
are not as close to their grandparents as were earlier generations and
spend less time with the older generation resulting in loss of wisdom
handed down from generation to generation.
- Lack
of physical activity has made youth follow a sedentary lifestyle leading
to health disorders.
- Many
young people, especially in developing countries remain marginalized from
the global economy. They are incapable of accessing the opportunities that
Globalisation offers due to inadequate education, limited skills, poverty
or they cannot reach out to basic information and communication, and the
goods and services that have become available with Globalisation.
Globalisation PROCESS:
ETHICAL CHALLENGES
- Rising
inequality: While the advanced capitalist countries enjoy the benefits of
industrialization, the rest of the countries are forced to share the
negative consequences or externalities thrown up by industrial activities.
- Human
rights issues: The bad work environments and low-wages involved in the
industry prevent workers from accessing even basic human rights.
- Others:
The Dissolution of families and communities, rise in nuclear families and
increasing isolation of old-aged parents; privatization and consequent
rise in cost of health care, education and other social services are some
of the other issues associated with the process of Globalisation.
Way Forward
- The
need of the hour is to design a blueprint from the ground up that can
capitalize on new opportunities while prioritizing sustainability and
inclusiveness more than ever before.
- Global
and local institutions need to advance both universal and targeted
strategies to improve outcomes for everyone ensuring vulnerable
populations are not left out.
- We
should proactively build resilient local and regional systems that can
participate in the next wave of Globalisation, making sure regions have
the right mix of education, employment, and infrastructure to create and
sustain jobs locally.
Globalisation:
POLITICAL CHANGES
- Political
development which is accompanying Globalisation is the growth of international
and regional mechanisms for political collaboration.
- The
European Union (EU), the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN),
South Asian Regional Conference (SARC), and more recently South Asian
Federation of Trade Association (SAFTA) are just some of the examples that
indicate the greater role of regional associations.
- There
has been the rise of International Governmental Organisations (IGOs) and
International Non-Governmental Organisations (INGOs).
- The
concept of good governance has been strengthened due to increasing
globalisation.
- This
has led to a policy change towards a rights-based approach to governance.
- The
effects of Globalisation on democracy is not limited to a special scope.
Some thoughtful beliefs that Globalisation affects all foundations of
democracy such as freedom of expression, freedom of belief and religion,
civil community, citizenship rights, confinement of state activity,
legitimacy of governors, freedom of the press, and etc.
Globalisation:
CULTURE OF CONSUMPTION
Often when we speak of culture, we refer to
dresses, music, dances, food. However, culture as we know refers to a whole way
of life. There are two uses of culture, one culture of consumption and second
is corporate culture.
Culture of
consumption:
- Culture
of consumption (art, food, fashion, music, tourism) plays a crucial role
in the process of Globalisation, especially in shaping the growth of
cities. Till the 1970s the manufacturing industries used to play a major
role in the growth of cities.
- This is
evident in the spurt in the growth of shopping malls, multiplex cinema
halls, amusement parks and ‘water world’ in every major city in India.
- Most
significantly advertisements and the media in general promote a culture
where spending is important. To be careful with, money is no longer a
virtue.
- Shopping
is a past time actively encouraged. Successive successes in fashion
pageants like Miss Universe and Miss World have led to a tremendous growth
in industries in the fields of fashion, cosmetics and health.
- Young girls
dream of being Aishwarya Rai or Sushmita Sen.
- Popular
game shows like Kaun Banega Crorepati (KBC) actually made it seem possible
that your fortunes could turn over in a few games.
Corporate culture:
- It
is a branch of management theory that seeks to increase productivity and
competitiveness through the creation of a unique organizational culture
involving all members of a firm.
- A
dynamic corporate culture – involving company events, rituals and
traditions – is thought to enhance employee loyalty and promote group
solidarity.
- It
also refers to the way of doing things, of promotion, and packaging
products.
- The
spread of multinational companies and the opportunities opened up by the
IT revolution has created in the metropolitan cities in India a class of
upwardly mobile professionals working in software firms, multinational
banks, chartered accountancy firms, stock markets, travel, fashion
designing, entertainment, media and other allied fields.
- These
high-flying professionals have highly stressful work schedules, get
exorbitant salaries and are the main clientele of the booming consumer
industry.
Impact
of Globalisation on Labor: Striking a Balance between Growth and Worker Welfare
- Globalisation
is perceived as a double-edged sword, because, on one hand, it has created
huge potential for business development across the world and on the other;
it has made both global and local markets more competitive. It has given
birth to a new “Global Economic Map”.
- Globalisation
is seen as a major driver of economic growth via international trade in
goods and services and capital flows through FDIs and portfolio
investments.
- From
another perspective, it is feared that Globalisation adversely affects
labour interests. In a globally competitive environment, the transnational
corporations are relentlessly engaged in squeezing every resource for
maximizing their economic returns. In that process, though the owners of
capital seem to have gained, the laborer’s have lost out.
- In
spite of the presence of apex bodies like International Labour
Organization (ILO), WTO, failure to recognize trade unions, wage
disparity, violation of health and safety norms are recurrent in various
parts of the world.
- Advocates
of human rights and labour movements argue that labour conditions have
been deteriorating continuously, mainly due to firms ‟ attempts to adjust
to the competitive forces of a global economy”.
- The
most vulnerable groups are temporary/contract labourers and the workers
having low or no skills.
Impact
of Globalisation on Labour in India:
- After
1991 GoI changed its industrial policy and accepted Liberalization,
Privatization, Globalisation (LPG) This policy aims at opening the economy
to the world, leading to completion of industrial change.
- Globalisation
has impacted the labour in positive and negative manner in following way:
o The reforms propelled India’s GDP growth rate
to nearly 7-8% from the prevalent 2-3%. They have created a robust private
sector and thus employment for millions of Indians over the years.
o However, a substantial amount of these jobs
have either remained informal or have been lost with time.
o Opening up of the market and free flow of
trade and low tariffs encouraged flow of foreign goods lowering the employment
opportunities of Indian labourers.
o It has created avenues for women who want to
participate in industry. Women have entered the labour force in large numbers
in countries that have embraced liberal economic policies. Industrialization in
the context of Globalisation is as much female-led as it is export-led. The
overall economic activity rate of women for the age group 20-54 increased
drastically.
o But the informal sector where women were
absorbed in large numbers along with Globalisation offer very poor labor
conditions. Such industries where women were mostly engaged happened to be
highly labour intensive, service oriented and poorly paid.
o Liberalization of the economy has in some
sectors caused loss of employment without creation of new employment.
o The big corporate companies like TNCs and MNCs
have evolved a vendor system of subcontracting for their production. This
results in job insecurity of the labourer and worsening of labour welfare since
there is no checking system for their welfare.
- Globalisation
- Privatization
- Liberalization
Balancing Act:
Exploring the Environmental Impacts of Globalisation
- The
architects of Globalisation have ignored the social, biological and
physical constraints on their created system.
- Critics
of Globalisation have noted that global free trade promotes the social and
economic conditions most likely to undermine its own existence. The same
can be said of the biological and physical limiting factors-especially, in
the short term, the dwindling supplies of cheap energy.
- The
effects of Globalisation on environment include, but are not limited to,
reduced genetic diversity in agriculture (loss of crop varieties and
livestock breeds), loss of wild species, spread of exotic species,
pollution of air, water and soil, accelerated climatic change, exhaustion
of resources, and social and spiritual disruption.
Ways
in Which Globalisation Affects Environment:
- An
increase in the consumption of products, which has impacted the ecological
cycle. Increased consumption leads to an increase in the production of
goods, which in turn puts stress on the environment.
- Increase
in the transportation of raw materials and food. This led to an increase
in the pollution levels in the environment. It has also led to noise
pollution and landscape intrusion.
- Ozone
layer depletion and enhanced greenhouse effect pose additional challenges.
- The
industrial waste that is generated as a result of production is dumped in
oceans. This has killed many underwater organisms and has deposited many
harmful chemicals in the ocean. Oil spills from oil tankers pose a threat
to the marine environment.
- Due
to Globalisation and industrialization, various chemicals have been thrown
into the soil. This toxic waste has caused a lot of damage to plants by
interfering in their genetic makeup.
- It
has put pressure on the available land resources.
- Globalisation
increases the vulnerability of ecosystems and societies, and the least
resilient ecosystems.
Ways
in Which Environment Affects Globalisation
- Natural
resource scarcity or/and abundance are drivers of Globalisation, as they
incite supply and demand forces in global markets.
- The
need for environmental amelioration can extract costs from the economy and
siphon resources away from development goals.
- Environmental
stress can trigger alternative technological paths, e.g.,
dematerialization, alternative energy, etc., which may not have otherwise
emerged.
- Environmental
standards influence patterns of trade and investment nationally and
internationally.
The data for energy
utilization per capita and CO2 emission after LPG reforms in India are given
It is important to
highlight that not only does Globalisation impact the environment, but the
environment impacts the pace, direction and quality of Globalisation. For
example: environmental resources provide the fuel for economic Globalisation.
Similarly, social and policy responses to global environmental challenges
constraints and influence the context in which Globalisation happens.
Globalisation
Impact: The Evolution of Indian Entertainment and Media in a Globalized Era
- Entertainment
industry in India has registered an explosive growth in the last two
decades making it one of the fastest growing industries in India. Today,
there are more than 400 active channels in the country.
- Online
content, Over the Top Platforms (OTP) and Social media seems to be catching
up with viewers across India.
- The
most visible effect of Globalisation is widespread communication networks.
Role of Television:
Positive Aspects |
|
Negative Aspect |
|
- Exchange
of Talent: Globalisation has helped the film production companies to share
the international pool of talent.
- Role
of the internet: Social networks like Facebook and LinkedIn bring
integrity and help people stay connected. It acts as a platform to the
society for better connectivity and hence being aware or updating
themselves regarding what is happening around them.
- Role
of the Radio: It is one of the easiest and cheapest media sources. It is
easily available in most parts of the country. The biggest advantage of
the radio as a means of media Globalisation is that it can be understood
by even an illiterate person and can cater to a larger number of people.
Moreover, it has a greater impact on the rural population as they are able
to connect to the radio easily. Therefore, the importance of radio in
society is indispensable.
IMPACT
OF Globalisation: TRIBAL COMMUNITIES
- Tribal
people constitute 8.6% of the nation’s total population, over 104 million
people according to the 2011 census.
- For the
Tribal, Globalisation is associated with rising prices, loss of job security,
and lack of health
- In the
name of up-gradation of the lifestyle of poor indigenous tribal people,
the market forces have created wealth for their interests at the cost of
livelihood and security of these tribes in the areas.
- Inadequate
social and economic infrastructure in areas that have insufficient
resources for participation in mainstream development also has been at the
root of various “sub-national movements” such as the Jharkhand,
Uttarakhand, and Bodoland.
- In
poverty-stricken tribal areas, large scale migration has revealed the
increasing movement of young women towards urban centers in search of
work. Their living conditions are unhygienic, the salary is poor and
tribal women are vulnerable to exploitation by unscrupulous agents.
- Tribals
are being forcefully integrated into the society leading to them losing
their unique cultural features and their habitat threatened.
- Land
Alienation of Tribals: Land is a very important component for tribal
development. It occupies their source of livelihood. But the Globalisation
trend has alienated Tribals from their mainstay.
- Displacement
of Tribals: It is estimated that owing to the construction of over 1500
major irrigation development projects since independence, over 16 million
people were displaced from their villages, of which about 40 percent
belong to the tribal populations.
Globalisation
4.0: Embracing the Technological Frontier
- Globalisation
4.0 is the latest stage of Globalisation which involves cutting-edge new
technologies like artificial intelligence, big data analytics, machine
learning that powers forward with the explosion of information technology.
These technologies shrink distances, open up borders and minds and bring
people all across the globe closer together.
- The
development of advanced technologies like artificial intelligence (AI),
big data, nanotechnology, the internet of things (IoT), 3D printing and
autonomous vehicles all have the potential to significantly impact global
productivity.
EARLIER WAVES OF Globalisation |
|
Globalisation 1.0 |
|
Globalisation 2.0 |
|
Globalisation 3.0 |
|
Globalisation
4.0: Challenges
- Globalisation
4.0’ could, like preceding waves of Globalisation, have mixed results –
economic growth and poverty alleviation on the one hand, and political
crises and greater income inequality on the other.
- For
millennials, our economic opportunities are uncertain and we believe we
may not have the skills needed for the jobs of the future. If we are not
intentional in our preparation for Globalisation 4.0, we risk exacerbating
these problems.
- The
last wave of Globalisation in the 1990s lifted some countries out of
poverty. However, income inequality is increasing in those countries and
in large economies including the US.
- Other
countries with low-cost labour are anticipating the benefits of the next
wave of Globalisation, but there is a risk of laying a foundation that
drives inequality for generations.
- Globalisation
4.0 may increase income inequality even if it can create more wealth.
Globalisation:
Way Ahead
- Innovate
educational institutions and aggressively close the skills gap: By 2022,
at least 54% of employees globally will require re- and up-skilling. Not
only do we need to support people in getting the training they need for
jobs in the next five years, but we need to prepare young students with
the skills to adapt to the types of jobs we will need in the next 20
years.
- Focus
on the most vulnerable populations: Negative effects of Globalisation will
have a disproportionate impact on some populations. Global and local
institutions need to advance both universal and targeted strategies to
improve outcomes for everyone.
- Stop
climate change: Climate change is going to have a disproportionate impact
on vulnerable regions and populations. The challenges of Globalisation 4.0
will be compounded if resources that could be put towards strengthening
local economies and education have to be diverted to mitigate the costs of
climate change.
- Build
a movement focused on equity: Advancing the priorities above and creating
greater equity will require a more coordinated global movement than exists
today. Many businesses, NGOs, advocacy groups, academics and even
individuals have unprecedented global reach and ability to influence
equitable outcomes.
- Invest
in strengthening local and regional economies: We should proactively build
resilient local and regional systems that can participate in the next wave
of Globalisation, making sure regions have the right mix of education,
employment and infrastructure to create and sustain jobs locally
DEGlobalisation
De-Globalisation is the process of reducing
interdependence and integration between nations around the world. It is
characterized by decline in economic trade and investment between countries,
protectionism and unilateral withdrawal from international organizations and
agreements. This decline reflects that economies become less integrated with
the rest of the world economies.
Factors
responsible:
- Tariff
wars are one aspect of de-Globalisation policies.
- Right
wing ideology
- Outbreak
and transboundary spread of diseases and pandemics – E.g. COVID19
- Sub-prime
crisis of 2008
- Stricter
IPR regime, sanitary and phytosanitary measures.
- Emergence
of Emerging Market Economies
- Inward
looking mentality and attitude.
- Political
rivalry – Russia and USA, USA and Iran, South Korea etc.
- Brexit
is another facet that can cost countries too. Britain’s divorce with the
EU is estimated to cost companies on both sides $80 billion a year without
a trade deal.
- Trade:
With global demand weak, and many nations erecting import barriers, trade
is slumping. Measured as a share of global gross domestic product, trade
doubled from 30 percent in 1973 to a high of 60 percent in 2008. But it
faltered during the crisis and has since dropped to 55 percent.
- The
decrease in migration is another aspect. Despite the flood of refugees
into Europe, net migration from poor to rich countries decreased to 12
million between 2011 and 2015, down by four million from the previous five
years.
- Refugee
crisis – climate induced and political factors E.g. Rohingya crisis.
- The
flow of capital – mainly bank loans – is retreating even faster. Frozen by
the financial crisis and squeezed afterward by new regulations, capital
flows had decreased to just under 2 percent of G.D.P. from a peak of 16
percent in 2007.
Impact
on Advanced Economies (AEs)
- Labour
Market Loss: The major hurdle faced by the Advanced Economies is the death
of relatively low skilled sectors like textile and the support economies
that grew around it. The reabsorption of this displaced labour has been
slow and incomplete which is reflected in the share of wages to GDP that
dropped by 5% from 2000 to 2017.
- Technology:
Advanced Economies have largely depended on technological change for per
capita income growth. There is deceleration in technological change,
during the last decade, partly due to low investment in innovation and
partly due to fading additional gains from the internet computer
revolution.
- Consumer
Credit: As a bid to keep spending alive, Advanced Economies focused on
consumer credit in the early 2000s. This precipitated into the Great
Financial Crisis of 2008.
Impact
on Emerging Markets (EMs)
- Trade:
The increase in tariff barriers by the Advanced Economies have led to the
shrinking of exports in EMs which is destroying their job intensive
manufacturing sector.
- Migration:
Advanced Economies are the hot destination of high skilled labour from EMs.
The increased protective measure by Advanced Economies for free movement
of high skilled labour is threatening their productive growth and job
opportunities.
Impact
on India:
- Social
impact: It leads to a decrease in standards of living as it will impact
exports and economic growth impacting welfare of the poor, vulnerable
sections and their standard of life.
- Political
impact: It would affect polity leading to instability in the political
framework of countries due to increase in prices and cost of living may
lead to civil Uprisings.
- Impact
on technology: These tendencies limit technological advancement of the
world as whole and of developing countries in particular. The limited
knowledge sharing, lack of flow of technology to developing countries
limit advancement in science.
- Impact
on women employment: It would impact women empowerment efforts as it will
impact women movements across the globe. The lack of cooperation among
nations will reduce opportunities for women across the world.
Way
Forward
- Promotion
of new forms of international and regional integration that preserve and
allow the multiple dimensions of life to flourish.
- The
culture of tolerance and understanding must be promoted which provides
space for positive dialogue.
- More
and more Cooperation is needed for hours to make the world economy more
predictable, to mitigate vulnerabilities and to strengthen the free trade
system.
- More
focus should be on creating organizations/coalitions like International
Solar Alliance, Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure that
contribute to global sustainable development along with promoting
coordination among nations.