Fundamentals of Computer Science – Key Notes
🔹 1. Definition of Computer
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A computer is an electronic device that processes data to produce useful information.
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Performs operations like input, processing, storage, and output.
🔹 2. Characteristics of a Computer
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Speed: Executes millions of instructions per second.
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Accuracy: Very high precision.
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Automation: Works without constant human intervention.
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Storage: Can store large amounts of data.
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Diligence: Does not get tired.
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Versatility: Performs different types of tasks.
🔹 3. Components of a Computer System
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Hardware: Physical parts (CPU, RAM, Monitor, Keyboard).
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Software: Programs and operating systems.
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System Software (e.g., Windows, Linux)
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Application Software (e.g., MS Word, Excel)
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Input Devices: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner.
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Output Devices: Monitor, Printer, Speakers.
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Storage Devices: Hard Drive, SSD, Pen Drive.
🔹 4. Types of Computers
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Supercomputers: Fastest, used in research.
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Mainframe Computers: Large-scale operations.
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Minicomputers: Mid-range, used in businesses.
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Microcomputers: Personal computers (Desktops, Laptops).
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Embedded Systems: Built into other devices (TV, washing machine).
🔹 5. Basic Operations
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Input: Entering data (keyboard, mouse).
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Processing: CPU processes data.
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Storage: Saving data (HDD, RAM).
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Output: Displaying results (monitor, printer).
🔹 6. Memory Units
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Bit < Nibble < Byte < KB < MB < GB < TB
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1 Byte = 8 Bits
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RAM = Temporary memory
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ROM = Permanent memory
🔹 7. Number System
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Binary (Base-2)
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Decimal (Base-10)
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Octal (Base-8)
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Hexadecimal (Base-16)
🔹 8. Generations of Computers
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1st Gen (1940-1956): Vacuum tubes
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2nd Gen (1956-1963): Transistors
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3rd Gen (1964-1971): ICs
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4th Gen (1971–present): Microprocessors
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5th Gen (Present & Beyond): AI, robotics
🔹 9. Networking Basics
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LAN: Local Area Network
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WAN: Wide Area Network
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Internet: Largest network
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IP Address: Unique identifier for a device
🔹 10. Important Software Tools
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MS Office: Word, Excel, PowerPoint
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Browsers: Chrome, Firefox
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Antivirus: Protects from malware
✅ Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
1. Which of the following is the brain of the computer?
A) RAM
B) Monitor
C) CPU
D) Keyboard
✅ Answer: C
2. One byte is equal to:
A) 4 bits
B) 8 bits
C) 16 bits
D) 32 bits
✅ Answer: B
3. The first generation of computers used:
A) Transistors
B) ICs
C) Microprocessors
D) Vacuum tubes
✅ Answer: D
4. Which device is used for input?
A) Printer
B) Monitor
C) Mouse
D) Speaker
✅ Answer: C
5. Which memory is non-volatile?
A) RAM
B) ROM
C) Cache
D) Register
✅ Answer: B
6. The full form of CPU is:
A) Central Process Unit
B) Central Processing Unit
C) Computer Primary Unit
D) Computer Processing Unit
✅ Answer: B
7. A computer network confined to a building is:
A) LAN
B) WAN
C) MAN
D) PAN
✅ Answer: A
8. What type of software is MS Excel?
A) System Software
B) Utility Software
C) Application Software
D) Programming Software
✅ Answer: C
9. What is used to connect a computer to the internet?
A) Scanner
B) Modem
C) CPU
D) Printer
✅ Answer: B
10. Which one is a volatile memory?
A) ROM
B) Flash Memory
C) HDD
D) RAM
✅ Answer: D