Environmental Shankar IAS BOOK PDF 2023 Download now
.png)
1. ECOLOGY
History of Ecology ..................................................................................................................... 3
Environment and its Components .......................................................................................... 3
Levels of Organisation ............................................................................................................. 4
2. FUNCTIONS OF AN ECOSYSTEM
Energy Flow ............................................................................................................................ 11
Food Chain .............................................................................................................................. 11
Food Web .................................................................................................................................12
Ecological Pyramid .................................................................................................................13
Pollutants and Trophical Level ..............................................................................................15
Biotic Interaction .....................................................................................................................16
Bio-Geochemical Cycle ...........................................................................................................16
Ecological Succession .............................................................................................................20
.png)
3. TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM
Tundra ..................................................................................................................................... 23
Forest Ecosystem .................................................................................................................... 23
Indian Forest Types ................................................................................................................ 25
Deforestation ........................................................................................................................... 27
Grassland Ecosystem .............................................................................................................. 28
Desert Ecosystem (Thar & Cold) ........................................................................................... 29
Desertification ..........................................................................................................................31
State of forest report, 2017 .....................................................................................................
4. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM
Aquatic Organism ................................................................................................................... 33
Lake Ecology ........................................................................................................................... 35
Eutrophication ......................................................................................................................... 36
Harmful Algal bloom..............................................................................................................38
Wetland Ecosystem ................................................................................................................. 39
National Wetland Conservation Programme .......................................................................42
Montreux Record .................................................................................................................... 43
Estuary Ecosystem ................................................................................................................. 43
Mangrove Ecosystem .............................................................................................................. 45
Coral Reefs .............................................................................................................................. 47
Coral Bleaching ....................................................................................................................... 49
Initiatives to Protect Coastal Environment .......................................................................... 50
Ganga Action Plan ..................................................................................................................51
Namami Ganga Program ........................................................................................................51
Clean Ganga Fund................................................................................................................... 52
Recent Measures...........................................................................................................................53
5. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Pollutants ................................................................................................................................. 55
Air Pollution ............................................................................................................................ 55
Smog .............................................................................................................................. 56
Indoor Air Pollution ........................................................................................................... 57
Fly Ash ................................................................................................................................ 58
NAMP & NAAQ ..................................................................................................................60
Air Pollution in India ..........................................................................................................61
Water Pollution........................................................................................................................ 62
Soil Pollution ........................................................................................................................... 65
Noise Pollution ........................................................................................................................ 66
Radio Active Pollution ............................................................................................................ 67
E-Waste .............................................................................................................................. 69
Solid Waste .............................................................................................................................. 71
Thermal Pollution ................................................................................................................... 73
Plastics Pollution ..................................................................................................................... 74
Bio-Remediation ...................................................................................................................... 76
Environmental Pollution and Health .................................................................................... 77
Acid Rain ................................................................................................................................. 78
6. RENEWABLE ENERGY
Solar Energy ............................................................................................................................ 83
International Solar Alliance ...................................................................................................84
Luminescent Solar Concentrators .........................................................................................84
Wind Energy ........................................................................................................................... 85
Hydro Power ............................................................................................................................86
Ocean Thermal Energy .......................................................................................................... 87
Cogeneration ...........................................................................................................................88
Waste to Energy ......................................................................................................................89
Geothermal Energy ................................................................................................................89
Fuel Cells .................................................................................................................................90
7. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Indian Himalayan Region ..................................................................................................... 93
Sand Mining in India .............................................................................................................. 97
Palm Oil - Environmental Issues ......................................................................................... 100
Colony Collapse Disorder ......................................................................................................102
Wildlife Deaths Due to Collision With Trains .................................................................... 104
Impact of Radiation ...............................................................................................................105
Genetically Engineered Trees .............................................................................................. 106
MoEFCC Banned Dolphin Captivity .................................................................................... 106
Prohibition of Removal of Shark Fins in the Sea ................................................................107
Cost of Environmental Degradation in India ..................................................................... 108
8. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
The Need for EIA ................................................................................................................... 109
EIA Cycle and its Procedures ................................................................................................110
Components of EIA ................................................................................................................ 113
Procedure of Public Hearing .................................................................................................116
Drawbacks and Recommendations of EIA ...........................................................................116
Environmental supplemental plan .......................................................................................119
PARIVESH ..............................................................................................................................119
PART-II
BIODIVERSITY
9. BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity .............................................................................................................................123
Levels of Biodiversity .............................................................................................................123
Measurement of Biodiversity ............................................................................................... 124
Biodiversity Services ............................................................................................................. 124
Modes of Conservation ..........................................................................................................125
Botanical Garden and Zoo ................................................................................................... 125
Red Data Book ....................................................................................................................... 126
10. INDIAN BIODIVERSITY
Indian Bio-Geographical Classification ............................................................................... 129
Fauna Diversity ...................................................................................................................... 131
Flora Diversity ........................................................................................................................133
Indian Wildlife ......................................................................................................................136
11. SCHEDULE ANIMALS OF WPA, 1972
Schedule List - WPA ...............................................................................................................139
12. ANIMAL DIVERSITY OF INDIA
Mammal Critically endangered ............................................................................................153
Marine Mammals ...................................................................................................................155
Egg Laying Mammals ............................................................................................................155
Marsupial ................................................................................................................................155
Birds Critically endangered ..................................................................................................156
Corals .............................................................................................................................. 158
Bird Migration ........................................................................................................................158
Wild Life Disease....................................................................................................................158
Species Extinction ................................................................................................................. 158
Man- Animal Conflict ............................................................................................................159
13. PLANT DIVERSITY OF INDIA
Plant Classification ................................................................................................................. 161
Effect of Abiotic Components on Plants ............................................................................... 161
Insectivorous Plant ................................................................................................................162
Invasive Alien Species ........................................................................................................... 164
Invasive Alien Flora of India ................................................................................................ 164
Medicinal Plants .................................................................................................................... 166
Tree Characters ......................................................................................................................167
14. MARINE ORGANISM
Plankton .................................................................................................................................. 171
Phyto-Plankton....................................................................................................................... 171
Zoo-Plankton ..........................................................................................................................172
Sea Grass ................................................................................................................................172
Sea Weed............................................................................................................................... 173
15. PROTECTED AREA NETWORK
National Initiative
Wildlife Sanctuary and National Parks ..........................................................................175
Conservation Reserves and Community Reserves ........................................................177
Coastal Protected Areas ...................................................................................................177
Sacred Groves of India .....................................................................................................178
Export Prohibited Items ...................................................................................................179
Global Initiative
Man And Biosphere ..........................................................................................................179
Biosphere Reserves .......................................................................................................... 180
National Biosphere Reserve Programme ........................................................................181
World Network of Biosphere Reserves ............................................................................182
Biodiversity Hotspots .......................................................................................................183
World Heritage Sites ........................................................................................................ 184
16. CONSERVATION EFFORTS
Project Tiger ...........................................................................................................................187
Project Elephant .................................................................................................................... 190
Vulture ....................................................................................................................................192
One Horned Rhinoceros ........................................................................................................195
Project Snow Leopard ........................................................................................................... 196
Secure Himalaya................................................................................................................... 197
Sea Turtle Project ...................................................................................................................197
Crocodile Conservation Project ............................................................................................197
Project Hangul ...................................................................................................................... 198
Captive Breeding ................................................................................................................... 198
Dolphin .............................................................................................................................. 198
Government Measures ......................................................................................................... 199
India Adopt SAWEN.............................................................................................................. 199
PART-III
CLIMATE CHANGE
17. CLIMATE CHANGE
Global Warming .................................................................................................................... 203
Green House Effect ...............................................................................................................204
Green House Gases ............................................................................................................... 205
Climate Forcing .....................................................................................................................208
Global Warming Potential ....................................................................................................209
Receding Glaciers. A Symptom of Global Climate Change ................................................ 210
18. OCEAN ACIDIFICATION
19. OZONE DEPLETION
20. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE – INDIA
Agriculture and Food Security .............................................................................................221
Water Stress and Water Insecurity ..................................................................................... 222
Sea Level Rise ........................................................................................................................ 223
Ecosystem and Biodiversity .................................................................................................224
Climate Change and Health ................................................................................................. 225
21. MITIGATION STRATEGIES
Carbon Sequestration ........................................................................................................... 227
Carbon Sink ...........................................................................................................................228
Carbon Credit ........................................................................................................................228
Carbon Offsetting ................................................................................................................. 229
Carbon Tax ............................................................................................................................ 229
Geo-Engineering ................................................................................................................... 230
22. INDIA AND CLIMATE CHANGE
India’s Position on Climate Change .................................................................................... 233
Observed Climate and Weather Changes in India ............................................................. 233
Current Actions for Adaptation and Mitigation ................................................................ 234
National Action Plan on Climate Change ............................................................................ 235
Indian Network on Climate Change Assessment ............................................................... 241
National Communication (NATCOM) .................................................................................242
India’s Policy Structure Relevant to GHG Mitigation .........................................................243
Green Building .....................................................................................................................244
Griha ...................................................................................................................................... 245
National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture ........................................................ 247
BSE Greenex .........................................................................................................................248
Fame-India Programme ....................................................................................................... 249
Long Term Ecological Observatories (LTEO) ....................................................................249
The National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC)...........................................249
Other Critical Entities ......................................................................................................... 249
23. CLIMATE CHANGE ORGANISATIONS
UNFCCC ..................................................................................................................................251
KYOTO Protocol ....................................................................................................................251
Conference of Parties ............................................................................................................ 258
Other Mechanism of UNFCCC .............................................................................................260
REDD and REDD+ ................................................................................................................261
Global Environment Facilities ............................................................................................ 262
Climate Smart Agriculture ................................................................................................. 262
Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change ................................................................... 263
National Green House Gas Inventories Programme ..........................................................264
Green Economy .................................................................................................................... 265
Climate Finance Architecture .............................................................................................. 267
PART-IV
AGRICULTURE
24. AGRICULTURE
Agriculture ............................................................................................................................ 275
Crop and its Classification ................................................................................................... 276
Tillage .................................................................................................................................... 279
Cropping System and Pattern ..............................................................................................280
Farming System .................................................................................................................... 282
Sustainable Agriculture ........................................................................................................ 283
Organic Farming ...................................................................................................................284
Integrated Farming System ................................................................................................. 285
Soil Science ............................................................................................................................288
PART-V
25. ACTS AND POLICIES
Wild Life Protection Act 1972 .............................................................................................. 297
Environmental Protection Act 1986 ....................................................................................298
National Forest Policy 1988 ..................................................................................................299
Biological Diversity Act 2002 ...............................................................................................299
Schedule Tribes and Other Forest Dwellers Act 2006 .......................................................299
Coastal Regulation Zone ..................................................................................................... 302
Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016 .....................................................................307
E-Waste Management Rules, 2016...................................................................................... 308
Plastic Waste Management (PWM) Rules, 2016 ................................................................ 309
Wetland Rules 2010 .............................................................................................................. 310
Nation Green Tribunal ......................................................................................................... 311
The Ozone Depleting Substances Rules ............................................................................... 311
26. INSTITUTION AND MEASURES
National Wide Life Action Plan .............................................................................................313
National Afforestation And Eco-Development Board ..........................................................313
CAMPA ................................................................................................................................... 314
Joint Forest Management ..................................................................................................... 314
Social Forestry ......................................................................................................................315
National Bamboo Mission ....................................................................................................315
CEPI .............................................................................................................................. 316
Lighting a Billion Lives ..........................................................................................................316
Eco-Mark ................................................................................................................................ 317
USERS ..................................................................................................................................... 317
BCRLIP .............................................................................................................................. 317
National Clean Energy Fund .................................................................................................317
National Mission for Electric Mobility ............................................................................... 318
Science Express - Bio Diversity Special ............................................................................. 318
Mangrove for Future ............................................................................................................319
27. ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANISATIONS
Animal Welfare Board ..........................................................................................................321
Central Zoo Authority .......................................................................................................... 322
National Bio Diversity Authority ........................................................................................ 322
Wildlife Crime Control Bureau ........................................................................................... 323
National Lake Conservation Plan ........................................................................................ 323
National Ganga River Basin Authority ...............................................................................324
28. INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONVENTIONS
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development ...................................... 325
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) ........................................................................... 326
Ramsar Convention On Wetlands ....................................................................................... 330
CITES .............................................................................................................................. 332
The Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network (TRAFFIC) ......................................................... 332
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS) .......................................... 333
Coalition Against Wildlife Trafficking (CAWT) .................................................................. 333
International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) .........................................................334
United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF) .......................................................................... 334
IUCN............................................................................................................................... 335
Global Tiger Forum (GTF) .................................................................................................... 335
Stockholm Convention.......................................................................................................... 336
Basel Convention .................................................................................................................. 337
Rotterdam Convention ........................................................................................................ 337
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification ......................................................338
International Whaling Commission (IWC) ........................................................................338
Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol ........................................................................ 339
Kigali Agreement .................................................................................................................. 349
Globally Important Agriculture Heritage Systems ............................................................340
Minamata Convention ......................................................................................................... 340
29. ENVIRONMENT ISSUES AND HEALTH EFFECTS
Toxicology Effects ................................................................................................................ 341
Lead in Paints ........................................................................................................................ 342
Transfat............................................................................................................................... 342
High Caffeine in Energy Drinks ..........................................................................................342
Pesticide in Human Blood ....................................................................................................342
Testing of Pesticide Toxicity .................................................................................................342
Diseases Caused by Environmental Degradation...............................................................343
Miscellaneous Topics - CHIPKO Movements ......................................................................344
APPIKO Movements ..............................................................................................................344
The National Wastelands Development Board ................................................................... 345
APPENDIX
Ramsar Wetland Sites in India ............................................................................................ 355
Tiger Reserves of India ......................................................................................................... 355
Elephant Reserves in India .................................................................................................. 356
Mike Sites in India ................................................................................................................ 357
Biosphere Reserves ............................................................................................................... 357
List of India’s Biosphere Reserves in UNESCO’s Map List ................................................. 358
Natural World Heritage Sites ............................................................................................... 358
List of Sacred Groves ............................................................................................................ 359
Mangrove Sites in India ........................................................................................................ 359
List of Key Activities and Likely Associated Air Pollutants ...............................................360
Respiratory Irritants and Toxic Chemicals ..........................................................................361