Student Project Task: Complete HVAC System Design for a Hospital

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📘 Project Objective

Design a complete HVAC system for a small hospital building (e.g. 20-bed capacity), ensuring:

Patient comfort & safety

Infection control
Energy efficiency
Proper zoning & IAQ compliance

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🧩 Project Scope

The hospital building includes:

2 Operation Theaters (OTs)

ICU with 5 beds
General Wards (10 beds)
Private Rooms (5)
Waiting Area
Doctors’ Room / Admin Office
Pharmacy
Toilets and Utility Rooms

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📋 Tasks to Be Completed by Students

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1️⃣ Cooling Load Calculation (Manual or Software like HAP)

🔸 Data Collection:

Building orientation & materials

Room dimensions, glazing, insulation
No. of occupants per room
Lighting & equipment load

🔸 Step-by-Step:

Calculate transmission load (walls, windows, roof)

Internal loads (people, lighting, equipment)
Ventilation load (required fresh air)
Infiltration load (air leakage)
Latent + sensible loads

📌 Calculate BTU/hr or Tons for each zone (OT, ICU, ward, etc.)

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2️⃣ Duct Design Layout

🔸 Principles:

Use supply and return ducts based on airflows.

For critical zones (OT, ICU), ensure:

Laminar airflow (unidirectional)

Positive/negative pressure zones 

Maintain correct CFM:

• OT: 20–30 ACH

• ICU: 15–20 ACH

• Wards: 6–12 ACH

🔸 Include:

Main trunk ducts

Branch ducts
Dampers for air balancing
HEPA filter locations

💡 Duct Sizing by Equal Friction Method or Velocity Reduction Method

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3️⃣ Equipment Selection List

List out all HVAC equipment with capacity and purpose:

Equipment	Zone	Capacity	Purpose
AHU (Air Handling Unit)	OT, ICU, Wards	1000–3000 CFM	Cooled & filtered air delivery
Chiller	Whole building	10–20 TR	Central cooling system
Condensing Unit	Outdoor	Match chiller	Heat rejection
HEPA Filters	OT, ICU	≥99.97% @ 0.3µ	Infection control
VAV Boxes/Dampers	All zones	—	Zoning and air balancing
FCUs (Fan Coil Units)	Private rooms	0.75–1 TR	Individual room cooling
Exhaust Fans	Toilets/Kitchen	150–300 CFM	Odor removal, negative pressure

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4️⃣ IAQ (Indoor Air Quality) Measures Plan

To maintain healthy and safe air quality:

Measure	Description
HEPA Filters	For OTs, ICU, Isolation Rooms
UVGI (Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation)	Inside AHUs or ducts
Fresh Air Intake (TFA Unit)	To dilute CO₂ and contaminants
Exhaust & Pressure Zoning	Negative pressure in isolation rooms/toilets
Humidity Control	Maintain RH 45–60% (dehumidifiers if needed)
CO₂ Sensors	For real-time monitoring of indoor air quality
Air Change Rate (ACH)	Follow NABH, ASHRAE, and ISHRAE recommendations

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5️⃣ Energy Efficiency Notes

Implement these strategies to reduce power consumption and improve system performance:

Use inverter-driven chillers and pumps

Install BMS (Building Management System)
Apply night setback mode in non-critical zones
Variable Air Volume (VAV) systems for zoning
Occupancy sensors in waiting/admin areas
Solar panels for auxiliary loads
Thermal insulation of ducts and pipes
Low leakage ducts, EC motors in AHUs

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6️⃣ Layout Diagram (Drawn or Software)

Students must provide:

HVAC zoning layout

AHU & duct routes
Supply/return diffuser positions
Equipment location (chiller, cooling tower, AHU room)
Legend + airflow direction arrows

🛠️ Can be made using:

AutoCAD

MS Visio
Hand-drawn with scale

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📝 Expected Deliverables

1. Report with all calculations

2. Load summary zone-wise (in Tons or BTU/hr)

3. Duct design sheets + CFM per outlet

4. Complete equipment selection table

5. IAQ plan with standard references (ASHRAE, ISHRAE)

6. Energy saving strategies implemented

7. Properly labeled HVAC layout diagram

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📊 Bonus: Evaluation Criteria

Criteria	Weightage
Accuracy of Load Calculation	25%
Duct Design & Airflow Matching	20%
Equipment Selection Logic	15%
IAQ & Safety Compliance	15%
Energy Efficiency Measures	10%
Layout Quality & Clarity	15%