History of Jammu & Kashmir
1. Ancient Period
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Neolithic Culture in Kashmir (Burzahom culture)
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Early Settlements & Civilization
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Naga & Pisacha Rule
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Mauryan Empire & Ashoka’s influence
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Kushan rule
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Hunas and early medieval transition
2. Medieval Period
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Lohara Dynasty
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Arrival of Islam in Kashmir
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Shah Mir Dynasty (First Muslim rule in Kashmir)
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Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (Budshah) – Administration, religious tolerance, cultural reforms
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Chak Dynasty
3. Mughal Rule (1586–1751)
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Akbar’s conquest of Kashmir
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Mughal administration in Kashmir
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Contribution to art, architecture, gardens (e.g., Shalimar Bagh)
4. Afghan Rule (1751–1819)
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Administration and oppression under Afghan rulers
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Social and economic conditions
5. Sikh Rule (1819–1846)
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Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s annexation
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Governors and administration
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Religious policies
6. Dogra Rule (1846–1947)
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Treaty of Amritsar (1846) – Purchase of Kashmir by Gulab Singh
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Rule of Maharaja Gulab Singh
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Expansion under Ranbir Singh and Pratap Singh
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Socio-religious reforms
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Uprising of 1931
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Formation of Muslim Conference (later National Conference)
7. Political Movements (1930s–1947)
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1931 Revolt
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Quit Kashmir Movement (1946)
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Role of Sheikh Abdullah
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Role of Maharaja Hari Singh during partition
8. Post-1947 Developments
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Accession of J&K to India (1947)
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Instrument of Accession
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Indo-Pak war 1947-48
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Article 370 and special status
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Political developments post-1950
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Land reforms
9. Modern Period (1950s–Present)
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Reforms under Sheikh Abdullah
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1953 dismissal and political crisis
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1975 Accord
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Abolition of Article 370 (August 2019)
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Reorganization of J&K into UTs