History of Jammu & Kashmir

1. Ancient Period

Neolithic Culture in Kashmir (Burzahom culture)

Early Settlements & Civilization

Naga & Pisacha Rule

Mauryan Empire & Ashoka’s influence

Kushan rule

Hunas and early medieval transition

2. Medieval Period

Lohara Dynasty

Arrival of Islam in Kashmir

Shah Mir Dynasty (First Muslim rule in Kashmir)

Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (Budshah) – Administration, religious tolerance, cultural reforms

Chak Dynasty

3. Mughal Rule (1586–1751)

Akbar’s conquest of Kashmir

Mughal administration in Kashmir

Contribution to art, architecture, gardens (e.g., Shalimar Bagh)

4. Afghan Rule (1751–1819)

Administration and oppression under Afghan rulers

Social and economic conditions

5. Sikh Rule (1819–1846)

Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s annexation

Governors and administration

Religious policies

6. Dogra Rule (1846–1947)

Treaty of Amritsar (1846) – Purchase of Kashmir by Gulab Singh

Rule of Maharaja Gulab Singh

Expansion under Ranbir Singh and Pratap Singh

Socio-religious reforms

Uprising of 1931

Formation of Muslim Conference (later National Conference)

7. Political Movements (1930s–1947)

1931 Revolt

Quit Kashmir Movement (1946)

Role of Sheikh Abdullah

Role of Maharaja Hari Singh during partition

8. Post-1947 Developments

Accession of J&K to India (1947)

Instrument of Accession

Indo-Pak war 1947-48

Article 370 and special status

Political developments post-1950

Land reforms

9. Modern Period (1950s–Present)

Reforms under Sheikh Abdullah

1953 dismissal and political crisis

1975 Accord

Abolition of Article 370 (August 2019)

Reorganization of J&K into UTs